Author(s)

A. Urbaszek & M. Schaldach

Abstract

To achieve highest hemodynamic benefit with rate-responsive cardiac pacing, the patient's individual pathophysiology concerning cardiovascular control as well as hemodynamics must be estimated in terms of control theory to design and adjust rate adaptation algorithms ade- quately. For this purpose, computer simulations are a powerful tool to investigate new sensors and develop effective algorithms prior to clinical evaluation, which is of special importance to closed-loop systems. The methodology of model development as a prerequisite for the con- secutive pacemaker design will be discussed. Introduction One of the major development issues of cardiac pacemaker

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