Author(s)

P.K. Woodward & D.V. Griffiths

Abstract

Earthquake induced forces on retaining walls P.K. Woodward, D.V. Griffiths Department of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester Ml3 9PL, UK ABSTRACT Dynamic non-linear finite element analyses have been performed in the time domain in order to assess the dynamic behaviour of retaining walls subjected to earthquake loading. The earthquake is in the form of an actual measured earthquake acceleration time history, which has been scaled to provide a range of peak acceleration values. The soil model has a simple non-linear stress-strain law and the effects of Raleigh damping are exam- ined. The results presented are compared to a pseudo-static approach and to analytical methods. INTRODUCTION A review of the increase in the lateral earth pressure during earthquakes has been conducted by Nazarian and Hadji an [6], Steedman and Zeng [12] and by Woodward and Griffiths [13]. In practice the increase in lateral earth pressure is often calculated analytically using

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