Author(s)

L.Q. Ren, Z.W. Han, L.M. Tian & J.Q. Li

Abstract

Contrasting with smoothness, non-smoothness occurs widely around the world. There are many typical non-smooth surface morphologies in living creatures. Non-smooth surfaces have some special functions during the evolution of living creatures. According to the traditional conception, the body surface is smoother, and the adhesion force is smaller. In many cases, the surfaces of some products or working parts are manufactured into smooth surfaces to reduce friction resistance and adhesion force. In nature, there are different appearances. Flying birds have non-smooth feathers or non-smooth wings, and swimming fish have non-smooth squama or non-smooth connective tissue. Typically, some soil-burrowing animals such as the dung beetle, ant,

Keywords